we employed a gradient-based orientation optimization method to design the surface membrane of FSPAs," said Dr. Song. Turing patterns result from systems that have reaction and diffusion components.

Illustrative examples include: development of membrane-based devices as part of renewable energy ... Recent work includes the study and scale-up of membranes containing regular surface patterns ...

All cells have an outer plasma membrane that regulates not only what ... are nested amid the hydrocarbon tails have hydrophobic surface characteristics, and the parts that stick out are ...