It occurs automatically in response to a specific stimulus and is not under conscious control. However, Pavlov noted that the dogs would often begin salivating in the absence of food and smell.

It’s a picture sent by your spouse of your beloved family dog doing something quite precocious ... It doesn’t elicit a response. And so that’s what I mean by a personally relevant stimulus that is ...

Webster, the word “aversive” means “tending to avoid or causing avoidance of a noxious or punishing stimulus.” Does that sound like a training method you’d want to use on ...