[16] Breast milk contains high concentration of secretory antibodies, mainly IgA, with a broad range of specificities reflecting both maternal immunologic memory and antigenic stimulation of ...

Inhalable nanovaccines offer needle-free, mucosal immunity against respiratory diseases like COVID-19, influenza, and TB. Explore delivery mechanisms, key technologies, and future breakthroughs.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria, which were discovered in waste-water sludge in the early 1990s, have the unique metabolic ability to combine ammonium and nitrite or nitrate to ...

Bacterial pathogenesis is the process by which bacteria infect and cause disease in a host. Not all bacteria are pathogens and have the ability for pathogenesis (also known as virulence).