Ptolemy Caesar “Theos Philopator Philometor”—“Ptolemy Caesar, The God Who Loves His Father and Mother”—became king of Egypt at the tender age of three. His alleged father, Julius ...

They suggest that Queen Arsinoë II (316-270 B.C.) was the first female pharaoh belonging to Ptolemy's family — the dynasty that ruled Egypt for some 300 years until the Roman conquest of 30 B.C ...

The excavation was headed by a joint Egyptian-German archaeological commission. Historians believe the temple dates back to the reign of King Ptolemy VIII, who may have also been the temple's founder.

Ptolemy I Soter was a Greco-Macedonian ... although he assimilated some aspects of Egyptian culture and was crowned pharaoh in 305 BC. He died in 283 BC.

Around 3100 B.C., a king of Upper Egypt, known as Narmer ... became tools used by pharaohs—from Khufu to Hatshepsut to Ptolemy XII—to convey power, strength, and unity for millennia.

Queen Cleopatra was survived by her daughter, Cleopatra Selene, who would go on to rule a kingdom of her own in North Africa.