A protocol stack is a prescribed hierarchy of software layers, starting from the application layer at the top (the source of the data being sent) to the data link layer at the bottom (transmitting ...

Layer 3 (L3): Recently emerged, L3 protocols are built on top of L2s, and they offer specific functionality like application-specific chains, privacy modules, or cross-chain compatibility.

Explain basic concepts in the design and implementation of application layer protocols, including the Domain Name Service (DNS), Web (HTTP), email (SMTP, IMAP) and remote procedure call (RPC) ...