Then, we review the different bioinks that have been fabricated and their use with different dental alveolar tissues (dental pulp, dentin, periodontal ligament, bone, gingiva, and whole tooth ...

In the gingival tissues, this pathway enhances the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen and fibronectin, ensuring structural integrity and resilience. In alveolar bone, ...

Alveoli also have immune cells in them (alveolar macrophages). These are like the garbage trucks of the immune system because they “eat” (phagocytize) debris. This includes any particles that are ...