Plasma—the electrically charged fourth state of matter—is at the heart of many important industrial processes, including those used to make computer chips and coat materials.

Plasma physics is the study of a state of matter comprising charged particles. Plasmas are usually created by heating a gas until the electrons become detached from their parent atom or molecule.

Laser-produced plasmas have been used to create short bursts of x-rays and to accelerate particles — so-called plasma-based accelerators.

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This study evaluates the peel strength between a cycloolefin polymer film and copper plating layer using a copper seed layer without an adhesion layer. A combination of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) ...