The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and world. Our ...

Pain is an undesirable potential consequence of many of the procedures conducted on animals in the course of scientific research, and in most cases it is unnecessary. The US Congress, the public ...

Sarah Cannizzo, an associate veterinarian at Forth Worth Zoo, is one of only two zoo vets in Texas certified to conduct ...

Federal regulations mandate the minimization of both pain and distress in laboratory animals. That no clear definition exists for 'distress' complicates its recognition, quantification ...

Non-human animals have served as valuable models in many types of biomedical investigations, but when it comes to pain, some assumptions are necessary. We can measure nociception at the neuronal level ...

The Tennessee Veterinary Medical Association is raising concerns over a bill in the General Assembly that would allow human ...

With the exception of chickens raised for meat, the vast majority of farmed animals in the United States undergo at least one painful physical alteration over the course of their lives. Physical ...

The drug, known as VIP36, targets the body’s cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). It was found to be effective in three different animal models for pain and does not appear to cause the harmful side ...

Cannizzo said animal acupuncture can be used to relieve chronic pain in the zoo's geriatric animals. Cannizzo received her International Veterinary Acupuncture Society certification in January ...