Low temperatures thicken the liquid electrolyte in batteries, slowing the movement of lithium ions between electrodes. This phenomenon reduces electrical current and increases the time needed to ...

Because of their coordinated movement, the slow ion movement also slowed the electrical current. “We found that the ions that were flowing all right in the conductor, but they had to go through this ...

Zinc and alkali-ion hybrid ... as sluggish ion movement, the need for better electrode materials, electrolyte stability concerns, and the challenge of developing efficient current collectors ...