For the 17th century slave in Virginia ... knowing any punishment he inflicted, including death, would not result in even the slightest reprimand.

Scholars expressed amazement at the discovery of three letters written in the hand of Julia Otaa, a Korean woman who rose to high rank in 17th century Japan only to earn the moniker of ...

All punishments gave retribution as criminals were made to suffer pain, humiliation and often death for their crimes ... most of the period before the 19th century. Serious crimes in Tudor ...