In 1901, building on the earlier work of Matteuci and Waller, Einthoven created the first string galvanometer and assigned letters to each specific deflection.1 This was the birth of the ECG as we ...

Optimising patient experience is a key part of effective healthcare for adults. Babies, children and young people are entitled to the same high-quality healthcare experience. This is the first ...

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) refers to a range of conditions that disrupt normal breathing patterns during sleep, including apnoeas, hypopnoeas and/or hypoventilation. It affects between 2% and 11 ...

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is regularly measured in clinical practice. Changes in serum levels are observed in a number of clinical conditions. In neonatology, it has been proposed as a useful marker ...

Adequate nutrition and growth during the neonatal period are important, especially for preterm infants, for whom there is evidence of poor nutrient intakes and growth, and this has important ...

One amber observation: Contact SHO/ANNP/Senior midwife. Verbal management plan or review. Repeat observations in 30 min. Two amber or one red observation: immediate review. NEW, newborn early warning ...

An estimated 1%–2% of all new presentations to emergency departments in the UK are caused by animal bites.1 It is reported that roughly 50% of people sustain animal bites in their lifetime, with more ...

Acute appendicitis is the most important cause of abdominal pain in children and is the commonest that requires emergency surgery. Prompt diagnosis, immediate referral and expeditious surgery should ...

Hypertension in children is a relatively uncommon condition but its prevalence is increasing with the rising rates of excess weight during childhood. It is important that hypertension is diagnosed ...

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm babies is a serious gastrointestinal emergency with potentially devastating consequences. Prompt and accurate diagnosis continues to be a challenge for ...

Inherited metabolic diseases (IMDs) pose a particular challenge to diagnosis. Although individually rare, improved diagnostics and greater awareness have shown that the incidence is much greater than ...

Asthma is one of the most common chronic disorders of childhood. The typical symptoms are a result of reversible airway obstruction. There is no ‘gold-standard’ test to diagnose asthma, but the most ...