Forget GPS. With no fancy maps or even brains, immune system cells can solve a simple version of the traveling-salesman problem, a computational conundrum that has vexed mathematicians for decades.

Figure 1: Traveling Salesman Problem Using an Evolutionary Algorithm in Action This article assumes you have intermediate or better programming skill but doesn't assume you know anything about ...

We designed a simple computational exercise to compare weak and strong integer programming formulations of the traveling salesman problem. Using commercial IP software, and a short (60 line long) ...

A tool called linear programming allows us to do just that by assigning fractions to roads that join pairs of cities rather than deciding immediately whether to use a road or not.