Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect ... was the second most common indirect effect category, comprising 25% of the total interactions in intertidal ...

A change in total costs and total variable costs that result ... What are the major types of costs? The four main types of costs are direct, indirect, fixed, and variable, with operating costs, ...

It is now widely accepted that both direct and indirect effects play important roles in communities and attention has shifted toward understanding the factors that alter the types and importance ...