Muscles and glands are called effectors. The diagram summarises how information flows from receptors to effectors in the nervous system. Receptors are groups of specialised cells. They detect a ...

Most classes of cell-surface receptors are appreciated to signal via various proximal effector molecules. Until recently, an exception to this rule was 7TMRs, which had been viewed as a simple on ...

But bacteria can interfere with PAMP-triggered immunity by injecting effector molecules into the plant cell. Intracellular plant protein complexes called nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat ...

To protect themselves from powdery mildew, barley has evolved a series of immune receptors that each recognize matching, strain-specific powdery mildew proteins known as effectors. This ...

A novel mouse model offers definitive evidence that a single inhibitory receptor family governs the critical natural killer cell functions of licensing and missing-self.