On 22 July, 1306 King Philip IV of France expelled all Jews from his kingdom ... happened at the same time that a new edict forbidding coin clipping came into force. Endemic in the middle ages ...

In 1337, Edward III had responded to the confiscation of his duchy of Aquitaine by King Philip VI of France by challenging Philip’s right to the French throne, while in 1453 the English had lost ...

On 22 July, 1306 King Philip IV of France expelled all Jews from his kingdom ... happened at the same time that a new edict forbidding coin clipping came into force. Endemic in the middle ages ...