are in fact important material evidence of the arrival of the armies of the First Crusade in 1099 in southern Syria/Palestine and the territorial expansion of the newly established Kingdom of ...

For Christians, Jerusalem is the place where they believe ... Richard wrote to Saladin during the Third Crusade, expressing his ‘sincere desire for peace and an end to this conflict’.

A desire for wealth, adventure, and salvation saw the launch of the First Crusade in 1096. Three years later, Jerusalem fell to ... such as Mecca and Medina. During Nur al-Din’s rule, the ...