Crash test dummies weren't always the mannequins you see launched on an impact sled in slow-mo videos. Throughout their history, their uncanny-valley smiles have belied some pretty messed-up stuff.

The 35-mph full-frontal crash test uses a new 5th-percentile (small adult female) dummy instead of a 50th-percentile "male" dummy on the passenger side. Additional measures for chest deflection ...

Methods We conducted impact tests with a dynamic pendulum (mass 60 kg) and with crash test dummies (ES-2 dummy, 4.76 m/s impact speed). Outcomes were biomechanical loading experienced by a player in ...