Damage to the cell wall can lead to vacuole rupture and cell death. A conserved mechanism involving ATG8ylation, where ATG8 is relocated to the vacuole membrane, helps protect against this.

Plant cells have several structures not found in other eukaryotes. In particular, organelles called chloroplasts allow plants to capture the energy of the Sun in energy-rich molecules; cell walls ...

and the lytic vacuoles of acidic pH, which are equivalent in function to lysosomes in mammalian cells (Figure 1). A special feature of guard cells is that they can increase or decrease their ...