Bacteria permeate virtually every corner of the Earth. Most bacteria live in a biofilm state to enhance their survival and propagation, and to perform essential tasks for many ecosystems.

Bacterial Space Biofilms (1st flight): Launched on November, 2019 (NG-12). Returned to Earth on January 2020 (SpaceX-19) Fungal Space Biofilms (2nd flight): Launched on February, 2022 (NG-17).

Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that attach to each other and to surfaces, for example by bacterial adherence. Biofilms consist of both the cells and the extracellular matrix produced ...

Bacteria detect when nearby cells are dying and proactively form a protective biofilm. Understanding how bacteria communicate and respond to threats is crucial for combating infections.