Antibody molecules, or “immunoglobulins”, have been recognized only in vertebrates and all are found to have a fundamentally similar structure consisting of two heavy and two light peptide chains.

These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and non-covalent interactions. The structure of an antibody can be divided into several key regions: Variable Regions (Fab): Located at the tips of ...

Here, we discuss strategies to select the best therapeutic antigen targets, to optimize the structure of IgG antibodies and to design related or new structures with additional functions.