Scientists found that plants, fungi, and microbes use venom-like methods to protect themselves, attack rivals, or survive.

Scientists have debated where Prototaxites belong in the tree of life for over a century, but now a new study suggests it ...

"Venomous animals have long fascinated biologists ... with Candidates Among Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, and Viruses, Toxins (2025). DOI: 10.3390/toxins17030099 ...

Venom is not exclusive to animals—plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and even viruses use venom-like mechanisms for defense, ...

All life on Earth is classified within three domains — bacteria, archaea and eukarya — with eukarya containing all multicellular organisms within the four kingdoms of fungi, animals, plants and ...

Venom isn’t just a feature of some animals; it’s found across the living world, from plants and fungi to bacteria and viruses, says a new study. Lead author William Hayes, an ecologist at Loma ...

is there anything fungi can’t do? Chris Dart Neither plants nor animals, fungi are the most underappreciated kingdom of the natural world. During a billion years of evolution, they’ve become ...

Pathogens are disease-causing viruses, bacteria, fungi or protists, which can infect animals and plants. Humans have an immune system, which can defend them from pathogens. Treating, curing and ...

Protists are single celled, eukaryotic organisms. They aren’t animal cells, plant, fungi, or bacteria, they’re their own thing. Some protists are parasites that live on or inside organisms and ...