The fortified structures, palaces and city plans date back to the earliest and ... optimized utilization of natural topography and bears witness to the influence of Achaemenid and Parthian cultural ...

W ith the defeat of the Achaemenid armies at the Granicus (334 BCE), Issus (333 BCE), and Gaugamela (331 BCE) the road to the Persian heartland lay open. There was no Achaemenid army that could be ...

and cultural Tabriz This ancient ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Visitors can ...