Europe in the 17th century was also in the grip of what ... “Maybe because of some misfortune or the death of somebody else, they decided to open the grave,” Poliński suggested.

For the 17th century slave in Virginia ... knowing any punishment he inflicted, including death, would not result in even the slightest reprimand.

All punishments gave retribution as criminals were made to suffer pain, humiliation and often death for their crimes ... most of the period before the 19th century. Serious crimes in Tudor ...